on experience in the accurate assessment of refractive errors and the provision of optical

correction. This program equips participants with the skills necessary to perform

comprehensive eye exams, determine refractive prescriptions, and guide patients in selecting

the appropriate optical devices for vision correction. Emphasizing both theoretical knowledge

and practical application, the program ensures participants gain proficiency in using various

refractive instruments and understanding the principles of refraction and optometry.

• Participants learn the anatomy of the eye, the process of light refraction, and how refractive errors occur, including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia.

• Training includes understanding the principles of visual acuity testing, the role of the cornea and lens in focusing light, and how refractive errors affect vision.

• The program covers the basics of optometry, including the history of eye examinations, the importance of refraction in overall eye health, and its role in diagnosing and managing vision problems.

• Participants will also be introduced to common eye conditions that can affect refraction, such as cataracts, keratoconus, and ocular diseases that alter vision.

• Participants are trained in using key refractive instruments, such as the autorefractor, retinoscope, and phoropter.

• Training includes learning how to use each instrument to measure refractive errors, evaluate pupil responses, and assess visual acuity.

• Participants learn the operation and interpretation of visual field charts, pinhole tests, and Snellen charts to assess visual acuity and detect potential refractive issues.

• They also gain proficiency in performing cycloplegic refraction and understanding its role in assessing eye health and correcting refractive errors, especially in pediatric and non-cooperative patients.

• Participants are trained in the process of subjective refraction, including how to perform a refraction test using lenses, trial frames, and corrective tests (e.g., “Which is better, 1 or 2?”).
• The program teaches how to measure spherical and cylindrical powers and determine the correct axis for astigmatism.
• Participants will also practice refining prescriptions, taking patient feedback into account to finalize accurate results, and balancing patient comfort and visual clarity.
• Training includes how to assess and correct presbyopia and determine the correct near vision prescription for age-related visual changes

• Training in the use of retinoscopy to evaluate the reflex of the retina and estimate the refractive power of the eye.

• Participants learn how to measure both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye and how to use this information to aid in refractive error assessment.

• The program also covers the use of the autorefractor to quickly measure and analyze  refractive errors, understanding its limitations, and how to integrate autorefractometer data with subjective assessments for more accurate results.

• Participants are trained to use techniques like skiascopy (retinoscopy) to measure visual acuity and refraction in patients who may be less cooperative or have poor visual acuity.

• Participants are trained to perform pediatric refraction, including how to deal with younger patients or those with special needs, using appropriate techniques and instruments.

• They will also learn how to perform refraction in patients with conditions such as amblyopia, strabismus, or ocular trauma.

• The program covers advanced techniques in refraction for individuals with complex visual requirements, such as those requiring contact lenses, or those with keratoconus, corneal transplants, or irregular astigmatism.

• Specialized training includes using and adjusting refractive prescriptions for patients requiring low-vision devices and those with age-related visual changes like presbyopia.

• Participants learn about vision therapy techniques that can help improve visual function in patients with refractive errors or binocular vision issues.

• Training includes how to identify conditions like convergence insufficiency or accommodative dysfunction and how to recommend or provide therapy options.

• The program covers the use of orthoptic exercises, visual training programs, and other interventions aimed at improving eye coordination and visual comfort.

• Participants are also trained in how to monitor the progress of patients undergoing vision therapy and make adjustments to their treatment plans as necessary.

• The program encourages continuous learning, offering opportunities for participants to engage in professional workshops, conferences, and certifications.

• Participants are encouraged to keep up-to-date with new advancements in refractive technologies, such as wavefront-guided refraction, digital refraction systems, and new contact lens designs.

• Opportunities for mentorship and advanced learning in related areas, such as ocular disease, low vision care, and optometry, are also provided to foster long-term professional development.

• Number of Sessions per Year: 02
• Training Duration: 03 months

• Didactic lectures and seminars
• Hands-on training with refractive instruments
• Clinical practice and patient interaction
• Specialized techniques for pediatric and advanced refractive cases
• Prescription writing and patient counseling workshops

• Written and practical exams to assess competency in refractive techniques and patient care.
• Ongoing assessments based on clinical performance, including refraction tests and patient counseling.
• Feedback from instructors and senior optometrists to guide professional development.

This Refraction Training Program is designed to prepare participants to perform accurate,

high-quality refractions and provide comprehensive vision care. Graduates will be proficient

in using refractive instruments, assessing and correcting refractive errors, and counseling

patients on their vision correction options, ultimately contributing to improved patient

outcomes in optometry and ophthalmology.